增強現實(shí)：原理與實(shí)踐（英文版）簡(jiǎn)介，目錄書(shū)摘

內容簡(jiǎn)介:隨著(zhù)真實(shí)世界中計算機生成的信息越來(lái)越多，增強現實(shí)（AR）可以通過(guò)不可思議的方式增強人類(lèi)的感知能力。這個(gè)快速發(fā)展的領(lǐng)域要求學(xué)習者掌握多學(xué)科知識，包括計算機視覺(jué)、計算機圖形學(xué)、人機交互等。本書(shū)將這些知識有機融合，嚴謹且準確地展現了當前具影響力的增強現實(shí)技術(shù)和應用。全書(shū)從技術(shù)、方法論和用戶(hù)的角度全面講解相關(guān)知識，實(shí)現了理論與實(shí)踐的平衡，適合開(kāi)發(fā)者、高校師生和研究者閱讀。

作者簡(jiǎn)介:迪特爾·施馬爾斯蒂格（Dieter Schmalstieg） 奧地利格拉茨理工大學(xué)教授，計算機圖形學(xué)和視覺(jué)中心主任。他是IEEE高級會(huì )員、奧地利科學(xué)院會(huì )員以及歐洲科學(xué)院會(huì )員，目前已發(fā)表論文300余篇，并擔任《IEEE可視化和計算機圖形學(xué)會(huì )刊》等核心期刊或論文集的編輯。2002年獲得奧地利科學(xué)基金會(huì )START Career獎，2012年獲得IEEE虛擬現實(shí)技術(shù)成就獎。

托比亞斯·霍勒爾（Tobias H?llerer） 加州大學(xué)圣芭芭拉分校計算機科學(xué)系教授，Four Eyes實(shí)驗室主任。曾獲得美國NSF授予的CAREER獎，并于2013年獲得ACM杰出科學(xué)家稱(chēng)號。他曾擔任IEEE VR 2015、ICAT 2013等重要國際會(huì )議的程序委員會(huì )主席，并多次榮獲佳論文獎。

目錄:Contents

Contents
1 Introduction to Augmented Reality 1
Definition and Scope 3
A Brief History of Augmented Reality 4
Examples 13
Industry and Construction 13
Maintenance and Training 17
Medical 18
Personal Information Display 20
Navigation 21
Television 22
Advertising and Commerce 25
Games 27
Related Fields 28
Mixed Reality Continuum 28
Virtual Reality 29
Ubiquitous Computing 30
Summary 31
2 Displays 33
Multimodal Displays 34
Audio Displays 34
Haptic, Tactile, and Tangible Displays 35
Olfactory and Gustatory Displays 37
Visual Perception 39
Requirements and Characteristics 40
Method of Augmentation 40
Ocularity and Stereoscopy 42
Focus 45
Occlusion 47
Resolution and Refresh Rate 48
Field of View 50
Viewpoint Offset 51
Brightness and Contrast 53
Distortions and Aberrations 55
Latency 55
Ergonomics 55
Social Acceptance 55
Spatial Display Model 56
Visual Displays 58
Near-Eye Displays 59
Handheld Displays 69
Stationary Displays 72
Projected Displays 78
Summary 84
3 Tracking 85
Tracking, Calibration, and Registration 86
Coordinate Systems 87
Model Transformation 88
View Transformation 88
Projective Transformation 89
Frames of Reference 89
Characteristics of Tracking Technology 90
Physical Phenomena 90
Measurement Principle 91
Measured Geometric Property 91
Sensor Arrangement 91
Signal Sources 92
Degrees of Freedom 92
Measurement Coordinates 92
Spatial Sensor Arrangement 93
Workspace Coverage 94
Measurement Error 94
Temporal Characteristics 95
Stationary Tracking Systems 96
Mechanical Tracking 96
Electromagnetic Tracking 97
Ultrasonic Tracking 98
Mobile Sensors 99
Global Positioning System 99
Wireless Networks 101
Magnetometer 102
Gyroscope 102
Linear Accelerometer 103
Odometer 104
Optical Tracking 105
Model-Based versus Model-Free Tracking 106
Illumination 106
Markers versus Natural Features 109
Target Identification 113
Sensor Fusion 117
Complementary Sensor Fusion 117
Competitive Sensor Fusion 117
Cooperative Sensor Fusion 118
Summary 120
4 Computer Vision for Augmented Reality 121
Marker Tracking 123
Camera Representation 124
Marker Detection 126
Pose Estimation from Homography 128
Pose Refinement 132
Multiple-Camera Infrared Tracking 132
Blob Detection 133
Establishing Point Correspondences 133
Triangulation from Two Cameras 135
Triangulation from More Than Two Cameras 137
Matching Targets Consisting of Spherical Markers 137
Absolute Orientation 137
Natural Feature Tracking by Detection 138
Interest Point Detection 140
Descriptor Creation 144
Descriptor Matching 145
Perspective-n-Point Pose 146
Robust Pose Estimation 148
Incremental Tracking 149
Active Search 150
Kanade-Lucas-Tomasi Tracking 151
Zero-Normalized Cross-Correlation 152
Hierarchical Search 154
Combined Detection and Tracking 155
Simultaneous Localization and Mapping 156
Five-Point Algorithm for Essential Matrix 157
Bundle Adjustment 158
Parallel Tracking and Mapping 159
Relocalization and Loop Closure 160
Dense Mapping 161
Outdoor Tracking 164
Scalable Visual Matching 165
Prior Information from Sensors 167
Prior Information from Geometry 169
Simultaneous Tracking, Mapping, and Localization 170
Summary 176
5 Calibration and Registration 179
Camera Calibration 180
Internal Camera Parameters 180
Correcting Lens Distortion 182
Display Calibration 183
Single Point Active Alignment Method 185
Head-Mounted Display Calibration Using a Pointing Device 186
Hand–Eye Calibration 188
Registration 190
Geometric Measurement Distortions 190
Error Propagation 191
Latency 192
Filtering and Prediction 192
Summary 194
6 Visual Coherence 195
Registration 196
Occlusion 199
Occlusion Refinement 201
Probabilistic Occlusion 202
Model-Free Occlusion 202
Photometric Registration 205
Image-Based Lighting 207
Light Probes 208
Offline Light Capturing 210
Photometric Registration from Static Images 210
Photometric Registration from Specular Reflections 211
Photometric Registration from Diffuse Reflections 212
Photometric Registration f